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Lots of other Scientologist-run companies and companies come from the umbrella organization World Institute of Scientology Enterprises (WISE), which licenses the use of Hubbard's management doctrines, and distributes directories of WISE-affiliated companies. WISE needs those who want to become Hubbard management seeks advice from to complete training in Hubbard's administrative systems; this training can be carried out at any Church of Scientology, or at one of the campuses of the Hubbard College of Administration, which offers a Partner of Applied Science Degree.


Another widely known WISE-affiliated business is e. Republic, a publishing business based in Folsom, California. e. Republic publications include Government Technology and Converge magazines. The Center for Digital Government is a division of e. Republic that was established in 1999 - Church of Scientology Perth. Internet ISP EarthLink was founded by Scientologists Sky Dayton and Reed Slatkin as a Scientology business.


This section requires growth. You can help by adding to it. In order to help with the continued growth of Scientology, the Church has made efforts to win allies in the kind of powerful or respected individuals. Though it has achieved some credibility as a faith in lots of countries, Scientology has actually likewise been referred to as both a cult and a company.

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For instance, it has actually been noted to engage in harassment and abuse of civil courts to silence its critics, by determining as Level playing field people it views as its enemies. In 1979, several Scientology members were founded guilty for their involvement in the church's Operation Snow White, the biggest theft of government documents in U.S.


Scientologists were likewise convicted of scams, manslaughter and tampering with witnesses in French cases, harmful libel against attorney Casey Hill and espionage in Canada. In his book World Faiths in America, spiritual scholar Jacob Neusner states that Scientology's "high level of exposure" might be viewed as "threatening to established social institutions".


From 1952 until 1966, Scientology was administered by an organization called the Hubbard Association of Scientologists (HAS), established in Arizona on September 10, 1952. In 1954, the HAS ended up being the HASI (HAS International). The Church of Scientology was incorporated in California on February 18, 1954, altering its name to "The Church of Scientology of California" (CSC) in 1956.

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In 1967, the IRS removed all US-based Scientology entities of their tax exemption, declaring Scientology's activities were commercial and run for the advantage of Hubbard. Controversy followed the church on those years, but its growth continued in the 1960s. New churches were formed in Paris (1959 ), Denmark (1968 ), Sweden (1969 ), and Germany (1970 ).




Centers of Scientology remained in 52 nations by the time the 80s can be found in and grew to 74 by 1992. The church sued and lost consistently for 26 years attempting to regain its tax-exempt status. The case was ultimately settled in 1993, at which time the church paid $12. 5 million to the IRSgreatly less than Internal Revenue Service had actually at first demandedand the IRS recognized the church as a tax-exempt nonprofit organization.




Scientology cites its tax exemption as evidence the United States government accepts it as a religion. In January 2009, removal of the tax exemption was rated as number 9 in products for the incoming Barack Obama administration to investigate, as figured out in an internet survey run by the presidential transition group soliciting public input for the incoming administration. is scientology a religion.

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State Department has actually slammed Western European nations for discrimination versus Scientologists in its released yearly International Religious Freedom report, based on the International Religious Liberty Act of 1998. In some nations Scientology is treated lawfully as an industrial business, and not as a religion or charitable organization. [] In early 2003, in Germany, The Church of Scientology was granted a tax-exemption for the 10% license fees sent to the US. The word Scientology (and numerous associated terms, including L. Ron Hubbard) is a signed up trademark. Religious Technology Center, the owner of the hallmarks and copyrights, takes a tough line on individuals and groups who try to utilize it in methods unaffiliated with the official Church (see Scientology and the legal system).


Ron Hubbard selected Mary Sue Hubbard to take control of link particular elements of legal defense for the CoS in 1968 and the Office of The Guardian was developed with its head workplace positioned at Saint Hill Manor. Under The Guardian's Workplace (later on relabelled the Office of Special Affairs or OSA), Church members and contracted staff from Bureau One later organized and dedicated one of the biggest penetration of United States federal agencies ever perpetrated by a company not affiliated with a foreign government (that is, one such as the KGB).




In the trial which followed the discovery of these activities the prosecution explained their actions as such: The criminal offense dedicated by these defendants is of a breadth and scope formerly unusual. No building, office, desk, or file was safe from their sleuthing and prying. No person or organization was totally free from their despicable conspiratorial minds.

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The Church has also in the past used aggressive tactics in resolving those it sees as attempting to reduce them, known as Suppressive Individuals (SPs) initially described by Hubbard as part of a policy called reasonable game. It blog was under this policy that Paulette Cooper was targeted for having actually authored, a 1970 expositions book about the Church and its founder.


Using blank paper understood to have been dealt with by Cooper, Scientologists created bomb threats in her name. When directory fingerprints on them matched hers, the Justice Department started prosecution, which could have sent out Cooper to jail for a prolonged term. The Church's plan was found at the same time as its Operation Snow White actions were revealed.